Almost all toilets sold today do not have an external overflow that exits via an exterior wall, instead they overflow automatically via the syphon into the pan when the water level within the cistern reaches a critical point. It is thought that water lost in this way is brought to the users attention more quickly than it would otherwise be, thus saving this scare resource.
Several factors can contribute to water passing the valve, dirt ingress has already mentioned, secondly a badily fitted valve where the float rubs against the wall of the cistern preventing the water from shutting off fully and perhaps the third most popular reason is cheap internal components, the guts of the system.
I had family out in October and due to the flight times I asked the keyholder to do a clean for me, but forgot to ask him to turn off the water at the main stopcock within the apartment when finished. Be assured lesson learned, once bitten.........