Max Abroad : The Best of Spain

On the picturesque island of Ibiza, a destination renowned for its vibrant nightlife and pristine beaches, lies a hidden wonder that captivates visitors with its otherworldly charm. The Cueva de Can Marçà, a magnificent cave system steeped in history and adorned with nature's artistic touch, offers a unique and mesmerising experience for those seeking adventure beyond the typical Ibizan holiday.

As you approach the Cueva de Can Marçà, you're immediately struck by its dramatic setting. Perched on the rugged northern coastline of Ibiza, the cave entrance provides breathtaking views of the Mediterranean Sea. But it's what lies beneath the surface that truly astonishes.

The cave system, formed over millions of years by the relentless forces of nature, boasts an impressive array of geological formations. Stalactites hang like delicate icicles from the ceiling, while stalagmites rise from the cave floor, reaching upwards in a slow dance of mineral accumulation. These formations, each unique in shape and size, have inspired the imaginations of visitors and cave operators alike, leading to a collection of creative names that add an element of whimsy to the tour.

The history of Cueva de Can Marçà is as intriguing as its natural beauty. For centuries, this hidden cavern served as a clandestine refuge for smugglers, who took advantage of its secluded location and complex network of passages to conceal their illicit activities. This shadowy chapter in the cave's history lasted well into the mid-20th century, providing a fascinating contrast to its current role as a popular tourist destination.

Today, visitors can explore the very same paths once trodden by smugglers, marvelling at the ingenuity and daring of those who used the cave as their secret hideaway. The tour guides regale guests with tales of derring-do and close escapes, bringing the cave's colourful past to life.

One of the most intriguing features of the cave's smuggling history are the artificially carved "windows" in the rock face. These openings, created by the smugglers to allow light into the cave and provide lookout points, now offer visitors stunning vistas of the sea below. It's a poignant reminder of the cave's dual nature – a natural wonder shaped by human hands for both illicit and now legitimate purposes.

While the entire cave system is a wonder to behold, it's the Waterfall Chamber that truly steals the show. In a clever blend of natural beauty and human creativity, the cave operators have transformed this space into a mesmerising spectacle of light and sound.

Ibiza's arid climate means that the Cueva de Can Marçà lacks the naturally flowing water that creates the exciting waterfalls found in many other cave systems around the world. Rather than view this as a limitation, the owners have turned it into an opportunity for innovation.

Between tours, water is pumped from a lower underground lake into a retaining tank. At a precisely timed moment during each tour, the floodgates are opened, creating a spectacular artificial waterfall that cascades through the chamber. This aquatic display is enhanced by a carefully choreographed lighting effect that can only be described as breathtaking.

Pools of light in various hues flood the limited number of natural pools and cave formations, creating an otherworldly atmosphere that seems to transport visitors to a realm of fantasy. The interplay of light, water, and stone creates a truly unforgettable experience that has become the highlight of many visitors' trips to Ibiza.

What sets the Cueva de Can Marçà apart from many other tourist attractions is the refreshing honesty of its operators. Rather than attempt to pass off the waterfall as a natural phenomenon, they are entirely upfront about its artificial nature. This transparency extends to all aspects of the cave experience, with guides providing clear explanations about the geological processes that formed the cave, its history as a smugglers' hideout, and the modern interventions that have made it accessible to tourists.

This educational approach adds depth to the visit, allowing tourists to appreciate not only the cave's natural beauty but also the ingenuity and creativity that have gone into making it a world-class attraction. It's a perfect blend of natural wonder and human artistry, each enhancing the other to create a truly unique experience.

For those intrigued by the prospect of exploring this underground marvel, planning a visit to the Cueva de Can Marçà is relatively straightforward. The cave is open to visitors throughout the year, although opening hours may vary depending on the season.

It's worth noting that the cave environment can be quite different from the warm, sunny climate that Ibiza is known for. Visitors are advised to bring a light jacket or sweater, as the temperature inside the cave remains cool year-round. Comfortable, non-slip shoes are also recommended, as some areas of the cave may be damp or uneven.

While the Cueva de Can Marçà is undoubtedly a highlight, it's also an excellent starting point for exploring the lesser-known natural wonders of Ibiza. The island, often overshadowed by its reputation as a party destination, boasts a diverse and beautiful landscape that rewards those willing to venture off the beaten path.

The area surrounding the cave offers spectacular hiking trails with panoramic views of the coastline. For the more adventurous, there are opportunities for rock climbing and even cliff diving in nearby coves. The crystal-clear waters of the Mediterranean also make for excellent snorkelling and diving, offering a chance to explore Ibiza's underwater wonders.

For visitors to Ibiza seeking something beyond the typical sun, sand, and nightlife, the Cueva de Can Marçà offers a unique and unforgettable adventure. It's a chance to step back in time, to marvel at the power of geological forces, and to witness the extraordinary results when human ingenuity works in harmony with nature's masterpieces.

When I thought I had seen it all, I came across nothing more and nothing less than a Chinese Wall in Aragon. It is a rock formation made up of two rows of high limestone walls placed parallel to each other by nature itself. All this gives the illusion that a high wall runs along the side of the mountain in the same style as the Chinese monument.

This curious arrangement, known as the walls of Finestres, is located in Huesca and is part of the Sierra del Montsec. They originated as a result of the erosion of wind and water in this area of ​​the Pre-Pyrenees, which was modelled until it became the beautiful formation that it is today.

In addition, right between the two rocky walls we can find works made by man: the ruins of a medieval castle and the hermitage of San Vicente. The uninhabited town of Finestres is also located in the area, from where you can find wonderful views of the wall. Some of its stone walls and mansions are still standing here, forming a small square.

Another place from which to contemplate this beautiful landscape is the viewpoint of the hermitage of San Marcos. In this church, we can also see the Canelles reservoir, another of the natural elements that stand out in this territory.
You can reach this magnificent formation from the towns of Estopiñán del Castillo or Estaña. From there you will have to go to the Penavera bridge, pass through the town of Finestres on foot, by mountain bike or in a 4x4 and continue along a marked path to the wall.

Nestled in the Almijara mountain range, overlooking the sparkling Mediterranean Sea, lies a town that could easily be mistaken for a postcard come to life. Frigiliana, a small but utterly enchanting pueblo blanco in southern Spain, consistently ranks among the country's most beautiful towns – and for good reason. With its maze-like cobbled streets, dazzling white-washed walls, and a tapestry of colourful flowers adorning every corner, Frigiliana is a feast for the senses and a balm for the soul.

A Town Frozen in Time

As you meander through Frigiliana's narrow, patterned streets, you'll feel as though you've stepped back in time. The old town, or Centro Histórico, is a labyrinth of twisting pathways that wind their way up the mountainside. Each turn reveals new vistas, charming little shops, inviting bars, and quaint restaurants that beckon you to linger.

The entire town is cloaked in pristine white paint, a tradition so ingrained in the local culture that it's said if you don't paint your house white, the townsfolk will do it for you – and then present you with the bill! This uniformity creates a stunning backdrop for the riot of colours that burst forth from every nook and cranny.

A Floral Paradise

One of the most striking features of Frigiliana is its abundance of flowers. Bougainvillea, a personal favourite of many visitors, cascades down walls in shades of purple, red, and white. Blues, pinks, and a myriad of other hues adorn the streets, their vivid colours popping against the white-washed walls. Green grasses, palms, and cacti add depth to this living canvas, while colourful flower pots perched on windowsills and doorsteps contribute to the town's Mediterranean charm.

Breathtaking Views at Every Turn

As you ascend through the town, the views become increasingly spectacular. Rooftop bars and strategically placed viewpoints offer panoramic vistas of the surrounding landscape. Look out over the dusty green valley below, where mango and avocado trees stretch as far as the eye can see, reminiscent of the expansive plains of Africa. In the distance, the Mediterranean Sea glitters invitingly, a constant reminder of the Costa del Sol's allure.

A Relaxed Atmosphere

Life in Frigiliana moves at a gentle pace. There's a palpable sense of joy and contentment that permeates the air. No one rushes here; the year-round sunshine seems to have instilled a perpetual state of relaxation in both residents and visitors alike. This laid-back atmosphere is perfect for those looking to escape the hustle and bustle of modern life and immerse themselves in the simple pleasures of good food, beautiful surroundings, and warm hospitality.

Getting There: A Journey Worth the Effort

While reaching Frigiliana might require a bit of planning, the reward far outweighs the effort. The nearest major airport is Málaga-Costa del Sol, about 45 minutes away by car. If you're relying on public transport, your best bet is to make your way to the nearby town of Nerja first.

From Málaga Airport, you have a few options:

A direct bus to Nerja runs once daily at 2:30 pm on weekdays, taking about 1 hour and 45 minutes.
Alternatively, take a bus to Málaga's main bus station, from where regular buses depart for Nerja.
Once in Nerja, frequent buses run to Frigiliana for a nominal fee (cash only). The journey from Nerja to Frigiliana is short but scenic, winding through the countryside before depositing you in the heart of this enchanting town.
Where to Stay

While Frigiliana doesn't offer hostels, there are plenty of accommodation options to suit various budgets. For the best experience, try to find a place near the Centro Histórico. This central location will put you right in the midst of the town's charm and save you from trudging up and down hills to reach the main attractions.
Airbnb and Booking.com are your best bets for finding suitable accommodation, ranging from cosy apartments to charming bed and breakfasts. If you're on a tighter budget, consider staying in nearby Nerja and making day trips to Frigiliana.

When to Visit

Thanks to its Mediterranean climate, Frigiliana enjoys pleasant weather for much of the year. However, the summer months of July and August can be scorchingly hot and humid, making exploration less comfortable. Winter, while mild, can bring the occasional rainy day.
For the best experience, plan your visit between April and June or in September and October. During these months, you'll enjoy warm, sunny days perfect for exploring, without the intense heat of midsummer or the crowds that flock to the Costa del Sol in peak season.

Things to Do in Frigiliana

Despite its small size, Frigiliana offers a wealth of activities and experiences:
Explore the Old Town: Spend hours wandering through the labyrinthine streets of the Centro Histórico. Each corner presents a new photo opportunity, with flower-draped balconies, quaint doorways, and stunning vistas.
Visit the Arqueológico Museum: Learn about the area's rich history, from prehistoric times through the Moorish period and beyond.

Hike in the Sierras de Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama Natural Park: For the adventurous, numerous hiking trails offer stunning views of the countryside and coast.

Attend a Festival: If your visit coincides with August, don't miss the Festival de las Tres Culturas, celebrating the town's Christian, Muslim, and Jewish heritage.

Take a Cooking Class: Learn to prepare traditional Andalusian dishes using local ingredients.
Go Wine Tasting: Sample locally produced wines, including the sweet Muscatel for which the region is known.
Day Trip to Nerja: Visit the nearby coastal town of Nerja, famous for its beaches and prehistoric caves.

Culinary Delights

Frigiliana's cuisine is a reflection of its Andalusian roots, with a focus on fresh, local ingredients. Don't miss these culinary experiences:

Tapas Hopping: Spend an evening sampling small plates at various bars around town. Each establishment has its specialities, so be adventurous!

Try Local Specialities: Look for dishes featuring locally grown mangoes and avocados, as well as fresh seafood from the nearby coast.

Enjoy a Rooftop Dinner: Many restaurants offer terrace seating with panoramic views – perfect for a romantic evening meal.

Sample Local Wines: The surrounding region produces excellent wines, including sweet dessert wines that pair perfectly with local cheeses.

Staying Safe

Frigiliana is generally a very safe town, with low crime rates and friendly locals. However, as with any travel destination, it's wise to take basic precautions:

Be aware of your surroundings, especially when walking on the narrow, sometimes steep streets.
Stay hydrated, particularly during the warmer months.

Use sunscreen and wear a hat when out exploring – the Spanish sun can be intense.
While crime is rare, keep an eye on your belongings in crowded areas.

A Town That Captivates

Frigiliana is more than just a beautiful facade; it's a town that captures hearts. The gentle buzz of conversation from sidewalk cafes, the scent of jasmine on the evening air, the warm glow of the setting sun on white-washed walls – these are the moments that will linger in your memory long after you've returned home.

Whether you're seeking a romantic getaway, a peaceful retreat, or simply a chance to experience authentic Andalusian culture, Frigiliana delivers. It's a place where time seems to slow down, where each meal is an event to be savoured, and where the beauty of your surroundings never ceases to amaze.

So, is Frigiliana Spain's most beautiful town? Beauty, as they say, is in the eye of the beholder. But as you stand on a rooftop terrace, glass of local wine in hand, watching the sun set over the Mediterranean while the white town glows golden in the fading light, you might just find yourself thinking that yes, this could very well be the most beautiful place in all of Spain.

The charming town of Nerja boasts a treasure that has captivated visitors for generations. The Balcony of Europe, or "Balcón de Europa" as it's known locally, stands as a testament to the breathtaking beauty of the Mediterranean coastline and the rich history of this Andalusian gem. Join us as we explore this iconic landmark, its surroundings, and why it has become an unmissable destination for travellers from around the world.

The story of how the Balcony of Europe got its name is as captivating as the view it offers. In 1884, a devastating earthquake struck Nerja, leaving much of the town in ruins. In the aftermath of this natural disaster, King Alfonso XII paid a visit to assess the damage and offer support to the local community. As he stood at the site of what was once a coastal watchtower known as "Paseo de la Batería", the monarch was struck by the panoramic vista before him. In a moment of inspiration, he exclaimed, "This is the Balcón de Europa!" And thus, a legendary landmark was born. Today, a bronze statue of King Alfonso XII stands proudly on the balcony, commemorating this pivotal moment in Nerja's history and serving as a popular photo opportunity for visitors.

As you approach the Balcony of Europe, you'll find yourself drawn into the heart of Nerja. The balcony itself is a wide, palm-lined promenade that juts out into the sea, offering unparalleled 360-degree views of the coastline. To your left and right, rugged cliffs plunge dramatically into the crystal-clear waters of the Mediterranean, while distant mountains provide a majestic backdrop.

The Balcony of Europe is far more than just a viewing platform; it's the beating heart of Nerja's social scene. Throughout the day and well into the evening, the area buzzes with life and energy. Street performers and artists line the promenade, adding a touch of culture and entertainment to your visit.

In the region of Bierzo in the province of Leon, lies an unusual man-made landscape called “Las Medulas”. In the 1st century A.D. the Roman Imperial authorities began to exploit the gold deposits of this region in northwest Spain, using a technique based on hydraulic power. After two centuries of working the deposits, the Romans withdrew, leaving a devastated landscape. Since there was no subsequent industrial activity, the dramatic traces of this remarkable ancient technology are visible everywhere as sheer faces in the mountainsides and the vast areas of tailings are now used for agriculture.

Las Médulas gold-mining area is an outstanding example of innovative Roman technology, in which all the elements of the ancient landscape, both industrial and domestic, have survived to an exceptional degree. It provides exceptional evidence of a tradition of working and the technological and scientific exploitation of nature in a vanished civilization, which resulted in significant use of applied hydraulics. What is visible today is a unique cultural landscape, shaped by drastic human intervention and natural processes, with in addition the introduction of non-native flora, which has survived since the Roman period without change.

The placer (alluvial) gold deposits of the Las Médulas region were being exploited on a small scale in the late Iron Age. Evidence for this is largely circumstantial, based on excavations of the defended sites (castros ) of the region and the related cemeteries, with their wealth of golden objects.

The north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula was the last to be conquered by the Romans, after the campaign of Augustus in 29-19 BC. Some Roman urban centres were founded and a characteristic Roman road system built, but the indigenous population, although considerably reduced, continued to live on its tribal territories, around its typical defended hill forts for a considerable time.

However, from the second half of the 1st century AD new settlements on the Roman model were set up, with the objective of exploiting the rich mineral resources (notably gold, but also iron) of the region. At the same time, new techniques of extracting the gold were put into practice, on an infinitely larger scale than in the pre-Roman period. Under the Roman system, all mineral resources in imperial provinces were vested directly in the emperor. The mining areas formed part of the province of Hispania Citerior, which included the northwestern military regions of Asturia and Callaeciae, and were declared to be imperial estates. Contrary to general belief and unlike the situation in other imperial gold-mining areas (such as Wales), the workers in the mines were free men, not slaves. Their settlements can be found all over the region, alongside yet clearly distinguishable from those, which housed the imperial officials and their staffs. Engineering activities, such as the major hydraulic works of building dams and cutting channels and road construction, were the responsibility of the Roman army. The military presence was also maintained to keep the peace and to ensure the safety of imperial officials and their deliveries of gold to provincial capitals and over the sea to Rome. Sweeping changes took place in the Roman monetary system in the 2nd century AD: Caracalla restored the aureus to its former place, and as a result the Spanish mines reactivated their production.

The Archaeological Zone of Las Médulas comprises the mines themselves and also large areas where the tailings resulting from the process were deposited. Within the area there are dams used to collect the vast amounts of water needed for the mining process and the intricate canals by means of which the water was conveyed to the mines. Human settlement is represented by villages, of both the indigenous inhabitants and the imperial administrative and support personnel. The area contains the route of one major Roman road and a large number of minor routes, used within the mining operations: water from springs, rain, and melting snow was collected in large reservoirs, which led by a system of well built gravity canals to the mines themselves, over long distances. Galleries were cut into the sterile strata many metres deep that overlay the layers of auriferous conglomerate. When the sluices of the dams were opened, enormous quantities of water flowed into the galleries, which were closed at their ends. The pressure, which built up, caused the rock to explode and to be washed away by the water flow forming enormous areas of tailings, several kilometres in length. The process is vividly apparent on the working face at the main Las Médulas site. The operating face of this spectacular form of mining slowly moved across the landscape. The system of water canals and conduits has been traced over large areas of the site, and measures at least 100 km.

Sweeping changes took place in the Roman monetary system in the later 2nd century AD, when the gold aureus was devalued, with catastrophic results, not least for the Spanish mines. Caracalla (188-217) restored the aureus to its former place, and as a result the Spanish mines, which had been in crisis, reactivated their production. However, the resuscitation of the mines seem to have been short-lived, and the lack of later material in the archaeological record shows that gold production effectively came to an end in the opening decades of the 3rd century.

The work carried out by the Romans was spectacular. It is estimated that forty million cubic meters of earth were removed from the central zone alone. What now remains is a small part of what, according to experts in the field, were the original Medulla Mountains. A mountain of 200 billion cubic meters totally disappeared. Researchers and experts estimate that they achieved 3 grams of gold per ton on average, although others cite three grams per cubic meter. It is estimated that over one million kilos of gold were taken from these mountains during the two hundred years that the Romans were there (over €50 billion in todays money). Ten per cent of the Roman Empire’s annual income came from here.

Indulge in the sumptuous flavours of Spain with this delightful garlic chicken recipe, known locally as Pollo al Ajillo. This dish stands out not only for its aromatic and rich flavours but also for its mysterious origins, with hints of culinary influence from regions like Castilla y León and Andalusia.

Pollo al Ajillo is a must-try for anyone looking to bring a taste of Spain into their kitchen. The enchanting aroma of garlic and white wine fills the kitchen, creating an inviting atmosphere that makes it impossible to resist.

This recipe holds a special place in many Spanish households, and mine is no exception. Taught to me by my mother-in-law, it was one of her culinary masterpieces. The scent that wafted through our home whenever she prepared it is an unforgettable memory. The anticipation built as the aroma grew stronger, signalling that a delicious meal was on its way.

Ingredients for 4 Servings

Preparation Time: 15 minutes
Cooking Time: Approximately 1 hour

Note: Measurements are provided in both metric and USA imperial systems. For British/Canadian measurements, please use a metric conversion calculator.

• 1 large chicken, cut into smaller pieces (wings, drumsticks, legs, etc)
• 7 garlic cloves, pierced with a knife
• 200 ml (7 fl oz) dry white wine
• Some olive oil
• 150 ml chicken stock or water
• Salt and pepper
• 1 red bell pepper, cut into large chunks
• 100 g (3.5 oz) peeled and diced tomato 
• 1 tsp thyme
• 1 tbsp oregano

Method

1. Prepare the Chicken: Begin by seasoning the chicken pieces generously with salt and pepper.
2. Brown the Chicken: In a large frying pan, heat a small amount of olive oil over medium-high heat. Brown the chicken pieces on all sides until they develop a golden crust.
3. Add Vegetables and Garlic: Reduce the heat to medium and add the tomato, red bell pepper, and pierced garlic cloves. Sauté them for a few minutes to allow the flavours to meld.
4. Incorporate Liquid Ingredients: Pour in the chicken stock (or water) and the dry white wine. Stir the mixture well and taste to adjust the seasoning if necessary.
5. Season and Simmer: Add thyme and oregano to the pan. Cover the pan with a lid and let it simmer on medium-low heat for at least 45 minutes, stirring occasionally. This slow simmering process allows the chicken to become tender and soak up all the wonderful flavours.
6. Thicken the Sauce: If the sauce appears too thin, let it reduce by continuing to cook uncovered. Some chefs prefer to use a bit of cornstarch or flour to thicken the sauce, but this is optional.

Pro Tips for Perfect Garlic Chicken

• Browning the Chicken: Ensure the chicken pieces are well-browned before adding the other ingredients. This step enhances the overall flavour of the dish.
• Pierce the Garlic Cloves: Piercing the garlic cloves allows the aroma and flavour to infuse deeply into the sauce.
• Choosing the Pan: Use a large frying pan with a lid to facilitate even cooking and simmering.
• Selecting the Wine: Any inexpensive dry white wine will do. Don't bother splurging on an expensive bottle.
• Olive Oil: Use a moderate amount of olive oil. Too much oil can prevent the sauce from binding correctly.

Serving Suggestions

Garlic chicken pairs wonderfully with fries and a side of mayonnaise. However, for those who prefer a softer accompaniment, mashed potatoes are an excellent alternative. Both options wonderfully complement the rich and garlicky sauce.

Kitchen Tools You Will Need

• Meat knife
• Paring knife
• Large frying pan with a lid
• Measuring jug
• Teaspoon
• Kitchen scales
• Cutting board

Adding Your Personal Touch

Don’t feel restricted to using a whole chicken for this recipe. It works just as well with just drumsticks, wings, or legs, depending on your preference. Ensure you have enough of whichever part you choose to use.

While this recipe traditionally calls for dry white wine, experimenting with a Jerez wine or even a semi-dry variety can yield delicious results. For those who enjoy a bit of heat, adding some chilies can introduce an exciting kick to the dish, creating a spicier version of garlic chicken.

Garlic chicken, or Pollo al Ajillo, is a celebration of Spanish cuisine that can easily be recreated in your kitchen. With its combination of garlic, white wine, and tender chicken, it’s a dish that promises to delight your taste buds and impress your dinner guests. Whether served with fries, mashed potatoes, or a side of rice, this dish brings the rich culinary heritage of Spain to your table.

Take a moment to gather your ingredients, follow the simple steps, and enjoy the mouthwatering aromas and flavours that make garlic chicken a cherished recipe in Spanish households. Happy cooking!

With its captivating effervescence, sparkling wine is a beloved beverage enjoyed worldwide, often gracing celebrations and special occasions. While the terms "Champagne," "Cava," and "Prosecco" are sometimes used interchangeably, these sparkling wines possess distinct characteristics that set them apart. This article delves into the nuances of each, exploring their unique production methods, grape varieties, regions of origin, taste profiles, and price points, ultimately guiding you through the delightful world of bubbly.

Interestingly, the Cava industry traces its roots back to the 1870s when Josep Raventós, inspired by his travels through Europe, introduced Champagne-style winemaking to Spain. Initially, these Spanish sparkling wines were stored and aged in caves, giving rise to the name "Cava," which translates to "cave" or "cellar" in Spanish.

Production Methods: A Tale of Two Fermentations

The defining characteristic of sparkling wine lies in its effervescence, a magical dance of bubbles achieved through a secondary fermentation process that traps carbon dioxide within the wine. However, the methods employed for this secondary fermentation vary among Cava, Champagne, and Prosecco.

Traditional Method: The Art of Bottle Fermentation

Both Cava and Champagne are crafted using the traditional method, also known as the méthode champenoise. This meticulous process involves a secondary fermentation occurring within the bottle itself. After the initial fermentation, a blend of still wine, sugar, and yeast (liqueur de tirage) is added to each bottle, which is then sealed. The yeast diligently feasts on the sugar, transforming it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide, unable to escape, dissolves into the wine, creating the captivating bubbles that dance in the glass.

Following this secondary fermentation, the bottles are aged on their lees (spent yeast cells) for a period that varies depending on the type of sparkling wine. Cava requires a minimum ageing of nine months, while Champagne mandates at least 15 months. This ageing process is crucial as it imparts complex aromas and flavours to the wine, often described as yeasty, toasty, or biscuity.

Cava, in particular, has specific ageing requirements for different categories:

Cava Reserva: Aged for a minimum of 15 months.

Cava Gran Reserva: Aged for a minimum of 30 months.

Cava de Guarda Superior: This category represents the highest level of quality for Cava. These wines are produced in very specific vineyards in Spain, with vines at least 10 years old. The grapes must be harvested by hand, with a maximum yield per hectare. Each bottle must be aged for at least 36 months.

It's worth noting that Catalan Cava producers pioneered a significant technological development in sparkling wine production with the invention of the gyropalette. This large mechanized device revolutionized the riddling process, which involves gradually moving the lees to the neck of the bottle before disgorgement. Previously a time-consuming manual task, the gyropalette significantly streamlined the process.

Tank Method: Efficiency and Freshness

In contrast to the traditional method, Prosecco typically utilizes the Charmat or tank method. In this method, the secondary fermentation takes place in large stainless steel tanks rather than individual bottles. This process is faster and less expensive, making Prosecco a more affordable option. While the tank method produces sparkling wine with fresh and fruity flavours, it generally lacks the complexity and depth achieved through bottle fermentation8.

Col Fondo: A Unique Expression of Prosecco

While most Prosecco is produced using the tank method, there's a unique style called "Col Fondo" that follows the traditional method of bottle fermentation. This ancient technique results in a Prosecco with more complex flavours and a cloudy appearance due to the presence of sediment.

Grape Varieties: A Symphony of Flavours

Each sparkling wine derives its unique character from the grape varieties used in its production.

Cava: Embracing Spanish Heritage

The traditional grapes of Cava are Macabeo, Parellada, and Xarel·lo, all white grape varieties native to Spain. Macabeo contributes body and a subtle floral aroma, Parellada adds freshness and acidity, while Xarel·lo provides structure and complexity. This reliance on indigenous Spanish grapes distinguishes Cava from Champagne and Prosecco, giving it a unique identity rooted in its terroir.

While these three grapes form the foundation of Cava, other varieties are also permitted:

Chardonnay: This international variety adds elegance and finesse to the blend.

Pinot Noir: This red grape, more commonly associated with Champagne, can be used to add complexity and structure to Cava.

Subirat Parent (Malvasia): This grape adds a touch of sweetness and is often used in Dulce and Semi Dulce Cavas.

Champagne: The Classic Trio

The classic Champagne blend consists of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier. Chardonnay brings elegance, finesse, and citrusy notes, while Pinot Noir adds body, structure, and red fruit aromas. Pinot Meunier contributes fruitiness and roundness to the blend.

While these three grapes dominate Champagne production, four other lesser-known varieties—Arbane, Petit Meslier, Pinot Blanc, and Pinot Gris—are also permitted, adding further complexity to the Champagne landscape.

Prosecco: The Reign of Glera

Prosecco is primarily made from the Glera grape, formerly known as Prosecco. This aromatic variety imparts fruity and floral notes to the wine, with hints of green apple, pear, and citrus. While Glera must constitute at least 85% of the blend, other authorized varieties, including Verdiso, Bianchetta Trevigiana, Perera, Chardonnay, Pinot Bianco, Pinot Grigio, and Pinot Noir, can make up the remaining 15%.

Regions of Origin: Terroir and Tradition

The geographic origin of each sparkling wine plays a crucial role in shaping its identity.

Cava

While Cava is primarily associated with the Penedès region in Catalonia, Spain, it can be produced in various other designated regions across the country, including Rioja, Valencia, and Extremadura. The diverse microclimates and soil types within these regions contribute to the variety of Cava styles available.

Champagne

True Champagne can only come from the Champagne region of France, a delimited area with chalky soils and a cool climate that contribute to the wine's unique character. The region is divided into five distinct subregions: Montagne de Reims, Vallée de la Marne, Côte des Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, and Aube, each with its own viticultural characteristics.

Historically, the Champagne region has played a significant role in French history. The city of Reims, located in the heart of the region, was the traditional site for the coronation of French kings, further elevating the status of Champagne.

Prosecco

Prosecco hails from the Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions in northeastern Italy. The heart of Prosecco production lies in the Conegliano Valdobbiadene hills, known for its steep slopes and unique terroir. Within this region lies the "Superiore di Cartizze" subzone, a small, prestigious area renowned for producing high-quality Prosecco with intense aromas and flavours.

Taste Profiles: From Crisp and Fruity to Rich and Complex

The taste profiles of Cava, Champagne, and Prosecco vary significantly, reflecting their production methods, grape varieties, and regions of origin.

Cava: A Refreshing Spanish Sparkle

Cava generally exhibits a dry, crisp character with refreshing acidity. It often displays citrus fruit flavours, along with notes of apple, pear, and almond. Some Cavas, particularly those aged for extended periods, may develop toasty or yeasty notes reminiscent of Champagne.

Champagne: Complexity and Depth

Champagne is renowned for its complexity and depth of flavour. It typically offers a broad spectrum of aromas and flavours, ranging from citrus and apple to brioche, toast, and nuts. The extended ageing on lees contributes to its characteristic yeasty or biscuity notes.

Prosecco: A Fruity and Floral Delight

Prosecco is known for its fresh, fruity, and floral character. It often displays aromas of green apple, pear, citrus, and white flowers. Prosecco tends to be lighter-bodied and less complex than Cava or Champagne, with a slightly sweeter profile.

Prosecco comes in three main styles based on its level of effervescence:

Spumante: Fully sparkling with persistent bubbles.

Frizzante: Semi-sparkling with gentler bubbles.

Tranquillo: Still wine with no bubbles.

Price Points: From Everyday Enjoyment to Special Occasions

The price of sparkling wine can vary significantly depending on factors such as production method, ageing, and brand prestige.

Cava: Affordable Quality

Cava generally offers excellent value for money, with many high-quality bottles available at affordable prices. This makes it an accessible option for everyday enjoyment or casual gatherings.

Champagne: Luxury and Prestige

With its meticulous production process and prestigious reputation, Champagne tends to command higher prices. While entry-level Champagnes can be found, premium and vintage bottles can be quite expensive, making them more suitable for special occasions or celebrations.

Prosecco: Everyday Celebration

Prosecco typically falls on the lower end of the price spectrum, making it a popular choice for those seeking an affordable and enjoyable sparkling wine. Its lighter style and fresh fruit flavours make it versatile for various occasions.

Cava, Champagne, and Prosecco each offer a unique sparkling wine experience. With its traditional method and Spanish heritage, Cava provides a balance of quality and affordability, making it a perfect choice for everyday celebrations or casual gatherings with friends. Champagne, the epitome of luxury and complexity, stands as a celebration in itself, ideal for marking special milestones or indulging in a moment of pure indulgence. With its fresh fruitiness and approachable price, Prosecco offers a delightful and versatile option for everyday enjoyment, from brunch with loved ones to a relaxing evening aperitivo.

Ultimately, the choice depends on personal preference, occasion, and budget. The world of sparkling wine is vast and diverse, and exploring these different styles is an adventure in itself. So, raise a glass, uncork your favourite bubbly, and let the celebration begin!

Did you know that Spain is the world’s second-ranking country when it comes to UNESCO Biosphere Reserves? This distinction speaks volumes about the natural beauty and geological significance of its landscapes. Among these natural treasures are the UNESCO Global Geoparks, a relatively recent designation that was introduced in 2015. These Geoparks represent not just areas of stunning landscapes, but also sites of profound geological importance, revealing the history of humanity and our planet through their unique formations.

Spain is home to 17 UNESCO Global Geoparks, each offering a unique combination of natural beauty, historical significance, and opportunities for geotourism. Here, we delve into the remarkable stories and features of these Geoparks, inviting you to explore their wonders.

Cabo de Gata-Níjar Geopark, Almería (Andalusia)

Cabo de Gata-Níjar is a coastal paradise where winter never comes. Its rugged cliffs and hidden coves reflect the dramatic impact of the tectonic plates of Africa and Europe colliding. This volcanic landscape, dotted with quaint fishing villages of whitewashed houses, can be explored by various means including all-terrain vehicles, horseback riding, and hiking.

The clear coastal waters reveal a seabed teeming with wildlife and volcanic formations, perfect for snorkelling and scuba diving. For a truly memorable experience, consider a boat tour along the coast to uncover secret coves etched into your memory forever.

Subbéticas Geopark, Córdoba (Andalusia)

In Córdoba’s Subbéticas Geopark, water is the quintessential element, sculpting eccentric shapes in the limestone. This region, characterised by its olive trees and whitewashed villages like Zuheros, Cabra, Luque, and Doña Mencía, is an ideal destination for cyclists, offering specialised routes including the Olive Oil Train Greenway.

Hiking enthusiasts will enjoy the trails of La Nava and Cañón del Río Bailón. Notable geological features in this park include caves such as Los Murciélagos, available for guided tours. For breathtaking views, visit the Balcón de Andalucía at the chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Sierra in the Cabra mountains.

Sobrarbe Geopark – Pyrenees, Huesca (Aragón)

The Pyrenees Geopark in Huesca offers a fascinating journey through time, illustrating the origin of mountains, glaciers, and ancient caves. It even includes the former dwelling of the cave bear in the Oso de Tella cave. This Geopark features numerous hiking and mountain bike routes showcasing some of Spain’s most breathtaking scenery.

Adventurous visitors can enjoy the via ferrata near the Sorrosal waterfall and participate in a geo-mining tour of the region’s historical mines. Highlights also include landscapes around Eripol and the glacier of Monte Perdido in Bielsa, with the visitor centre located in Aínsa.

Basque Coast Geopark, Gipuzkoa (Basque Country)

The Flysch route in the Basque Coast Geopark is a living display of 60 million years of history, covering the municipalities of Zumaia, Deba, and Mutriku. These 13 kilometres of cliffs and sedimentary rock formations are a treasure trove for geologists, providing insights into prehistoric periods, including the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Among the best places to view Flysch is Itzurun Beach in Zumaia, which also hosts the visitors’ centre. Boat tours from here offer a stunning perspective of the cliffs from the sea, with the sunsets being particularly unforgettable. Further inland, the Geopark includes valleys and mountains with caves featuring World Heritage rock art, such as Ekain.

Sierra Norte de Sevilla Geopark, Andalusia

Shaped over 700 million years, the landscape of Sierra Norte de Sevilla Geopark is a geological marvel. Highlights include one of the world’s largest collections of jellyfish fossils and traces of tectonic plates meeting in Beja-Acebuches. The Sierra Norte de Sevilla Greenway offers a scenic walk or cycle route from Cerro del Hierro, a former iron mine revealing striking rock formations, to the picturesque Huesna falls.

Bird watchers can spot the cinereous vulture and the Spanish imperial eagle soaring overhead, adding to the region’s charm.

Villuercas-Ibores-Jara Geopark, Cáceres (Extremadura)

This Geopark offers a mesmerising landscape formed during the Pangaea era, approximately 300 million years ago. From the highest point, the ridge of La Villuerca, visitors can enjoy expansive views of mountain ranges, valleys, and hills. This area also boasts dense oak and chestnut woodlands, home to a variety of fauna, including golden eagles and peregrine falcons.

Key geological sites include the Estrecho de la Peña Amarilla ravine, Marmitas de Gigante del Río Ibor gorge where visitors can swim, and the blockfields of Peraleda de San Román with its distinctive rock formations. The nearby Jerte Valley is renowned for its cherry blossoms in spring, and the Guadalupe monastery is a must-visit World Heritage site.

Central Catalunya Geopark

Once a vast saltwater basin, the Central Catalunya Geopark’s landscape formed as the Pyrenees arose about 36 million years ago. The region’s most iconic landmark is the mountain of Montserrat, known for its unusual rounded rock formations. A visit to the Monastery of Santa María de Montserrat and the surrounding caves is highly recommended.

In Moyá (Barcelona), the Toll Caves, notable for their significant prehistoric and palaeontological finds, are worth exploring. For a unique experience, follow the "Wines of the Geopark" route to sample the local vintages from the Pla de Bages designation of origin.

El Hierro Geopark, Canary Islands

El Hierro is an island of geological wonders, featuring landscapes formed by volcanic activity. The island’s volcanic origins are evident in its lava flows and rock formations. The Geopark visitors’ centre in El Pinar offers a deeper understanding of the island’s volcanic history.

Take in the stunning views from the island’s many viewpoints, such as Jinama, La Peña, Bascos, and La Llanía. Whether driving or cycling, the route from Valverde to San Andrés reveals diverse landscapes, from agricultural areas to dramatic sea views and steep cliffs. San Andrés also tells the legend of the Garoé tree and the phenomenon of horizontal rain. In La Dehesa, witness the trade winds’ effect on the twisted trees of El Sabinar.

Molina-Alto Tajo Geopark, Guadalajara

Ancient rivers and warm seas shaped the terrain of Molina-Alto Tajo, creating deep ravines and unique geological formations. Notable sites include 430-million-year-old fossil deposits near Checa and the fossil forest of Sierra de Arangocillo. This expansive Geopark features 11 signed georoutes and several visitors’ centres, each offering spectacular views.

Among the popular viewing points are Barranco de la Hoz and autumn's Mirador del Tajo, providing stunning perspectives on the changing foliage. In winter, the Mirador del Pellejero shows off snow-covered peaks, while spring’s Mirador del Machorrillo overlooks Taravilla lake.

Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands Geopark, Canary Islands

Lanzarote's volcanic origins are strikingly visible in the Timanfaya National Park, where visitors can explore striking volcanic landscapes and even dine on food cooked using geothermal heat. Highlights include the Timanfaya volcano tour and thermal anomalies where surface temperatures can reach up to 250 ºC, producing spectacular geysers.

In Tinajo, El Cuervo volcano, Montaña Colorada, and Caldera Blanca all offer pleasant hiking routes. La Geria showcases unique farming methods adapted to the volcanic soil. Along the coast, beaches like Papagayo and the green lake of Charco de los Clicos are must-see spots. The Art, Culture, and Tourism Centres blend the island’s volcanic nature with the artwork of César Manrique.

Las Loras Geopark, Burgos and Palencia (Castilla y León)

Las Loras Geopark showcases a rugged terrain with spectacular ravines, outcrops, and a concentration of Romanesque architecture. Some must-visit sites include the gorges of the Ebro and Rudrón rivers, Las Tuerces, and the Cave of Los Franceses.

Easy-to-access waterfalls such as those in Orbaneja del Castillo and Covalagua add to the charm. Throughout the park, visitors will find pre-Roman castros, Neolithic dolmens, and Iron Age sites, offering a rich historical context to the breathtaking natural scenery.

Spain’s UNESCO Global Geoparks beckon to those with a love for natural beauty, adventure, and a curiosity for geological history. Each Geopark provides a unique experience, promising unforgettable memories and a deeper appreciation of our planet’s geological wonders. Whether you’re hiking, cycling, or simply taking in the views, these Geoparks offer a journey through time and nature that is not to be missed.

El Bierzo, located in the North-West of Spain, is a mountainous region crossed by the Road to Santiago (Way of Saint James) which the pilgrims used to call the “Spanish Switzerland”. This extreme mountain feature is what makes it, together with its climate and soil, one of the ideal regions worldwide to grow vineyards.

The Mencía grape is the main variety of El Bierzo. This variety, scorned until very recently, has managed in the last few years to seduce the best enologists and wine producers in Spain, who have slowly gone looking for it in their territory, even highlighting it as one of the Spanish varietal jewels. They have understood it contains enormous potential and the challenge of bringing out all the possibilities it conceals to make great wines with character. Wines full of subtleties, with a good aging capability, and deep expressiveness of the history-laden terroir they grow in.

The origin of Mencía is lost in time, but there are many signs indicating it could be one of the first grape stocks introduced in the Iberian Peninsula. Already in ancient times, the areas where Mencía now rules were famous for the coming and going of Roman legions which planted the first vines and built presses, and since then these areas have had a deep wine-producing tradition. Supposedly through the Roman Road, the wine produced in these lands was transported to Imperial Rome, to be enjoyed by the emperors. References to the vines of the region of El Bierzo and Valdeorras already appeared two thousand years ago cited by the Roman Pliny. With the fall of the Empire, the vines also declined.

Their rebirth and greater expansion came with the growth of medieval monasteries, for which wine was not only an element of worship, but also an essential food product. Monks introduced new growing and production techniques. In addition to the splendour of the monasteries was the brilliance of the Road to Santiago, which encouraged the spread of vines, bestowing wine with a special significance. The first pilgrims to Santiago already spoke of the excellence of the wines produced along the way. On the road, wine became a precious asset, an element of barter, to pay taxes and also to pay the saints of the area for their miracles.
At the end of the 19th century, however, the phylloxera changed the picture, destroying many of the vines and leading to a major economic crisis that forced many to emigrate. Aside from people, it meant also the loss of many native Spanish varieties, which were not recovered until very recently. 

Vine growing was re-established in the first half of the 20th century, but the consequences of the Spanish Civil War between 1936 -1939 plunged many wine producers into absolute poverty, which forced them to emigrate, leading once again to the neglect of many vineyards.

Mencía generates wines of a deep raspberry colour, intense fruit aromas, but also delicate flower ones, good alcohol doses, proper acidity and aging possibility. Until recently, reds made of Mencía were rather light wines, ready to drink, with low alcohol content. Gradually they have changed, especially in El Bierzo, into wines that seek to bring out their full potential, the expressiveness of their soil, and the good aging capacity Mencía is showing, adding ever-longer aging periods in wood. This has resulted in the rebirth of this stock, which recent studies liken greatly to Cabernet Franc, which is why some link its origin to Bordeaux and the pilgrims coming from France for centuries following the Road to Santiago. 

A very sensitive grape, the Mencía crop stands out predominantly in mountain regions, which is why its ripening has much to do with the sun orientation and altitude of the vineyards. El Bierzo is the Spanish designation with the most French characteristics. Its geography features major geographical contrasts, deep river basins, mountainous ranges and marked differences between its high and low lands, all of which is reflected in its wines. Mineral slate soils, but also clay-muddy ones, stand out in the territory of Mencía. The substratum marks the wine’s minerality, and also underscores the various fruit expressions and concentrations.

All along its 100 kilometres of coast, Granada has plenty to be proud of. In this strip of welcoming beaches and pristine coves, a warm and bountiful climate reigns, one of long, sunny days, long evenings and starlit nights. Christened the Tropical Coast, exotic fruits grow here such as the chirimoya, or custard-apple, which can only flourish at southerly latitudes. Boxed in between the provinces of Málaga and Almería, Granada's coast is scattered with towers and ancient fortresses that in another age acted as sentinels in a hostile and turbulent Mediterranean, a haunt of pirates and knaves. The villages appear as tiny white specks among the high hills and rugged valleys.

La Herradura was once a humble fishing village. Now it is a tourist centre between Cerro Gordo and Punta de la Mona. Its bay is host to naturist beaches such as Cantarriján and leisure ports such as Marina del Este, which in recent years has become a popular haven for scuba-diving enthusiasts.

The N-340 road acts as an umbilical cord between the coastal villages. From the La Herradura exit it passes curves, gradients, viewpoints and sheer ravines before arriving at Almuñécar. The oldest of the region's villages has its most identifiable postcard image in the form of the beach of San Cristóbal. 

The maritime drive continues between tall, leafy palm trees. On the way lies the bronze statue of Abderramán I, the Umayyad prince who disembarked one morning in the year 755 ready to make Cordoba the capital of Muslim Andalusia. He arrived in  Almuñecar, which in previous centuries had welcomed the Phoenicians, attracted by the fishing and fruit of the fertile coast. Almuñécar was crowned by an Arab castle. 

The Archaeological Museum is in Cueva de los Siete Palacios. There is a bird park and footpaths leading inland towards the valley of the Río Verde, where the chirimoya plantations extend. The uphill route to the villages of Jete, Otívar and Lentegí is marked by farming cooperatives. 

Though once woodland in which nothing grew except broom and holm oak, since the middle of the past century these valleys have been filled with medium-sized trees brought from different parts of the Americas. The three villages found in the valley of the Río Grande are small and have Morisco churches. 

Salobreña is the most beautiful village on the Tropical Coast. Its houses are white, a dazzling white. It is crowned by an Arab fortress and surrounded by a tortuous, narrow network of streets. Its neighbourhoods carry the names of Albayzín, El Brocal and La Fuente. Among these towers the campanile of the Mudejar church of the Virgen del Rosario. 

Further along you come across Motril. Granada's second most populous city lies inland, in the heart of a fertile plain surrounded by impregnable mountains. The fields of crops that reach towards the sandy line of the sea are sowed with mango, banana, avocado, chirimoya, papaya and guava. 

The tree-lined avenues lead to the hill where the shrine of Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza is sited. Centuries ago, this place was the palace of retreat for the sultana Aixa, mother of Boabdil, the last Arab king of Granada. At the foot of the shrine is spread the park of the Pueblos de America. The Church of the Incarnation is Mudejar and the Casa de la Palma, an old sugar refinery of Arabic origin, is today a cultural centre.

Here ends this route, which brings together the fertility and the grandeur of the mountains, which are constantly leaning towards the sea. 

Granada's Tropical Coast lies trapped between the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada and the Mediterranean. It therefore produces a unique climate, hence the name of the coast in this area.

The star of its subtropical crops is the chirimoya or custard-apple, a green, heart-shaped fruit with ivory-white flesh, which leaves a soft, somewhat sweet taste on the palate. 

The fruit is native to southern Ecuador and northern Peru; the first Spanish explorers to reach these lands were those who brought it to Europe. 

The indigenous varieties of Fino de Jete and Campas are those that benefit from the status of Protected Designation of Origin.

It provides an average of 103 kcal per fruit. 
20% of its weight is made up of carbohydrates in the form of sugars. Rich in calcium, vitamin C and fibre, it helps intestinal movement.

The cuisine of Granada's Tropical Coast is mostly determined by its fruit. The chirimoya, the avocado, the mango and the guava are exotic fruits that have been used to make delicious salads for some decades now. They are usually accompanied by other fruits such as kiwis, heart of palm, strawberries, pears and apples. The Tropical Coast is a pleasure to all the senses but especially sight and taste.